The Ancient Greek word polis (or polis), which means “city-state” in Ancient Greek, is the origin of the word polis. It can also refers to a body or citizens. These were the usual structure of ancient Greek community. After the fall the Mycenaean civilization, the Dark Ages led to the rise of the first Greek poleis. Sparta was Athens’s most historical capital. Syracuse was also there. Each polis had an urban center and a sacred centre. These were usually fortified and built on either a harbour or an elevated area like an acropolis. A polis usually consisted of one small city. Each was distinct from the other in all aspects,…

Anne Hutchinson Massachusetts was very religious in the seventeenth-century, with state and church closely intertwined. In 1630, the Puritans arrived in New England to escape England’s oppressive pressures and to pursue their religious beliefs. They did not believe in religious freedom but believed they could decide what parts of their faith were acceptable. Massachusetts law stipulated that anyone who worshipped any god other than the Lord God would face the death penalty. Massachusetts’ puritans were against any form of religious tolerance. Rodger William, an opponent to this school of thought, believed that every citizen should be free to choose any religion they like without fear of retaliation against people with…

Table of Contents Math Astronomy The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Chemistry Medicine & Surgery Civil Engineering & Architecture Creating Products Shipbuilding & Navigatio A device which rapidly separates cotton fibers from their seeds, the Cotton Gin was invented in the late 18th century. Fasteners Natural fibers Medicinal Therapies Gemstones Dock Crucible steel Ink Sources India has a rich cultural heritage and culture. A few people know more about India’s ancient civilization and culture than others. Its literatures and puranas contain more information and are used to reveal that India is the birthplace of many innovations in the fields Astronomy, Medicine, Engineering, and Mathematics. Nalanda…

After the Mongols collapse, the Ming Dynasty was established. It lasted more than 200 years. Due to their military strength, they were one of the greatest powers. More than 2000 scholars contributed to the organization and compilation of historical writings, geographies and philosophies. They were redesigning and reintroducing China following the Mongolian Imperial. China suffered greatly from the Mongolian Empire. The Ming Dynasty attempted to rebuild and restructure it. Ming Dynasty also moved China’s capital to Beijing. For the wealthy, the Forbidden city was built. Ming Dynasty used its past to rebuild itself after the collapse and fall of Mongolian Empire. They invested in China’s defense. This essay examines China’s…

Anne Hutchinson threatened the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Because of her theology, Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan. She fought for religious rights in America. She and her husband Will Hutchinson moved along with twelve of their children to America during the migration from England. John Winthrop became Governor and she fought to protect her religious rights. Hutchinson came into the colony to mock Governor John Winthrop’s religious and civil laws. He also got people to follow his ministry, including women. This Puritan-run community was founded in Massachusetts by John Winthrop. He brought about 14,000 people, all Puritan and Christian, from England to Massachusetts. Winthrop brings together all the people and makes…

The Great Depression had devastating effects on the country, spreading throughout the country and causing hardship in small and large cities. There were no economic classes, social or racial. 1933 was the depths of the depression. 13 million people had lost their jobs, 50% of banks were foreclosed on them, the national income plummeted by 42%, and a million people were homeless. This terrible crisis was ended by what? This is what a radio talk host regularly says: “Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal failed to bring an end of the Great Depression. Only the Second World War was able to lift us from the depression. The depression could not have…

The notorious murderer known as Jack the Ripper. Jack the Ripper is a serial killer thought to have committed 5 murders at Whitechapel, a small area in London. The murders of all five victims were executed by cutting their throats. They were all committed by female prostitutes who lived in Whitechapel. Francis Tumblety was one of the suspects. He is a well-known doctor who lived in Liverpool at the time. Francis Tumblety fulfilled the same criteria as the rest of the suspects. Because of the strength needed to cut through someone’s throat and Mary Kelly inviting him to her room, it seems almost certain that Jack the Ripper is a…

The Columbian Exchange was an international exchange that allowed for the spread of people, technology, ideas, and diseases between Europe and Americas. European explorers set out to discover a shorter route from India during the Age of Exploration. Two new continents were discovered and colonized by the European explorers. Trade took place naturally between Europe, Americas, and later became known as the Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange had similar results in Europe and America. This was due to the introductions sugar cane in America and chili peppers in Europe. But, Europe suffered more adverse effects from new diseases. The Americas were given native European crops like sugar cane and chili…

Cesar Chavez is a civil right leader and a key figure in American agricultural politics. Chavez was part in the fight against American agricultural slavery. His peers all agreed that they were entitled to more. Chavez joined his ranks to form a union and to organize a revolution. The nonviolence of the unions that Chavez helped form is a hallmark of his work. This civil approach helped immigrant workers to come to an understanding with their economies that would help them achieve more fair employment in agriculture. Modern civil rights wouldn’t be the same without Cesar Chavez. Cesar Chavez, a Mexican immigrant, was born in Yuma Arizona. Chavez’s family was…

The Mali Empire was a great empire known for its wealth, religious influence and power in West Africa. The 1235 Common Era was founded by King Sundiata Keita. It began with the merger of smaller Malinnike Kingdoms in Ghana and the Upper Niger River regions. The Ancient Empire, Mali has a great historical significance. In the next essay, I’ll be discussing its educational, economic, and social contributions towards human history. Mansa Musa und King Sundiata, the most successful and well known leaders of Mali’s empire, remain. They were well-known as having developed and maintained strong political systems through which Mali’s independent regions could govern themselves. Mansa Musa led the Western…